By the new rules, there is no parking allowed near the fire station.Conforme a las nuevas normas, está prohibido estacionarse cerca de la estación de bomberos.
The price has gone up by 50%.El precio ha subido en un 50%.
16.(with gerund)
a.
This refers to an idiomatic word or phrase for which there is no word-for-word translation.
no direct translation
She ended by thanking everyone who had helped.Terminó dando las gracias a todos los que habían ayudado.
They lowered their prices a lot, and by doing so they expected to fill the store with customers.Bajaron muchísimo los precios, y con esto pretendían llenar la tienda de clientes.
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or other adverbs (e.g. to run quickly, very tired).
When by is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg go by, stand by, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg by chance, by degrees, by half, look up the other word.
preposition
1(close to)al lado de;junto a
the house by the churchla casa que está al lado de or junto a la iglesia;come and sit by meven y siéntate a mi lado or junto a mí;I've got it by melo tengo a mi lado;"where's the bank?" — "it's by the post office"—¿dónde está el banco? —está al lado de or junto a la oficina de correos
sitting by the fire
the house by the riverla casa que hay junto al río;a holiday by the seaunas vacaciones en la costa
2(via)por
he came in by the back door/by the windowentró por la puerta de atrás/por la ventana;which route did you come by?¿por dónde or por qué camino or por qué ruta viniste?;I went by Doverfui por Dover
3(past)por delante de
she walked by mepasó por delante de mí;he rushed by me without seeing mepasó deprisa por delante de mí sin verme;we drove by the cathedralpasamos con el coche por delante de la catedral
4(during)
by dayde día;by nightde noche;by day he's a bank clerk and by night he's a security guardde día es un empleado de banco y de noche es guarda de seguridad;a postcard of London by nightuna postal nocturna de Londres
5(in expressions of time)(not later than)para
we must be there by four o'clocktenemos que estar allí para las cuatro;can you finish it by tomorrow?¿puedes terminarlo para mañana?;I'll be back by midnightestaré de vuelta antes de or para la medianoche;applications must be submitted by 21 Aprillas solicitudes deben presentarse antes del 21 de abril
by the time I got there it was too latecuando llegué ya era demasiado tarde
it'll be ready by the time you get backestará listo para cuando regreses
by that time or by then I knewpara entonces ya lo sabía
(in year, on date, on day)
by tomorrow/Tuesday, I'll be in Francemañana/el martes ya estaré en Francia;by yesterday it was clear that ...ayer ya se veía claro que ...;by 30 September we had spent £500a 30 de septiembre habíamos gastado 500 libras;by 1998 the figure had reached ...en 1998 la cifra había llegado a ...;by 2010 the figure will have reached ...hacia el año 2010 la cifra habrá llegado a ...
6(indicating amount or rate)
to reduce sth by a thirdreducir algo en una tercera parte;to rent a house by the monthalquilar una casa por meses;letters were arriving by the sackloadlas cartas llegaban a montones;it seems to be getting bigger by the minute/dayparece que va creciendo minuto a minuto/día a día
to sell sth by the dozenvender algo por docenas
we get paid by the hournos pagan por horas
we sell by the kilovendemos por kilos
we charge by the kilometrecobramos por kilómetro
little by littlepoco a poco
one by oneuno tras otro;uno a uno
two by twode dos en dos
7(indicating agent, cause)por
the thieves were caught by the policelos ladrones fueron capturados por la policía;la policía capturó a los ladrones;surrounded by enemiesrodeado de enemigos;a painting by Picassoun cuadro de Picasso;who's that song by?¿de quién es esa canción?;he had a daughter by his first wifetuvo una hija con su primera mujer
8(indicating transport, method etc)
by air[+travel]en avión;[+send]por avión;por vía aérea
by bus/caren autobús/coche
to pay by chequepagar con cheque
made by handhecho a mano
by landpor tierra
by the light of the moon/a candlea la luz de la luna/de una vela
by railortrainen tren
by seapor mar
9(with gerund)
by working harda fuerza de mucho trabajar;trabajando mucho;he ended by saying that ...terminó diciendo que ...
/by leaving early/ he missed the rush/by saving hard/ he managed to buy a small flat
10(according to)según
by my watch it's five o'clocksegún mi reloj son las cinco;by my calculationssegún mis cálculos
by what you say
to call sth by its proper namellamar algo por su nombre;it's all right by mepor mí no hay problema or está bien;if that's okay by yousi no tienes inconveniente
that's fine by me
11(measuring difference)
she missed the plane by a few minutesperdió el avión por unos minutos;we beat them to Joe's house by five minutesllegamos a casa de Joe cinco minutos antes que ellos;broader by a metreun metro más ancho
he's taller than me by an inch
she's lighter than her brother by only a couple of poundspesa solo un par de libras menos que su hermano;it's too short by a metrees un metro más corto de lo que tendría que ser;it missed me by inchesno me dio por un pelo;me pasó rozando
12(in measurements, sums)
a room 3 metres by 4una habitación de 3 metros por 4
to divide bydividir por or entre
to multiply bymultiplicar por
13
by oneselfsolo
he was all by himselfestaba solo;I did it all by myselflo hice yo solo;don't leave the two of them alone by themselvesno los dejes solos
14(with compass point)
north by northeastnornordeste;south by southwestsudsudoeste;sursuroeste
15(in oaths)por
I swear by Almighty Godjuro por Dios Todopoderoso;by heavenpor Dios
in set expressionsby the [by]([e])by the by(e), I forgot to tell you that ...he told me by the by(e)
adverb
1(past)
a train hurtled bypasó un tren a toda velocidad
they wouldn't let me byno me dejaban pasar
she rushed by without stoppingpasó a toda prisa, sin pararse
to [rush] by
2(in set expressions)
by and by
I'll be with you by and byenseguida estoy contigo;you'll be sorry by and byno tardarás en arrepentirte;by and by we heard voicesal poco rato oímos unas voces
