Which Participle should I use?

Question

I've noticed that some verbs have two participles. When do I use each or are some just archaic? Here are a few I've found:

despertado,despierto
nacido,nato
torcido,tuerto
apagado,apago
prendido,preso
torcido,tuerto
incluido,incluso

Welcome to SpanishDict. You make an attempt at answering and someone will be happy to help, but you first need to make the attempt. - rac1, Nov 25, 2016

@rac1; I do think this a question that calls for an expert. There are such verbs with irregular participles, the question is "which one should I use and where?" This even bugs me at times. - Daniela2041, Nov 25, 2016

I usually go with the first ones in the above list. - Daniela2041, Nov 25, 2016

Ok, Dani. I know you know better than I when it comes to Spanish. :) - rac1, Nov 25, 2016

Answer 1

In most cases the past participle is used also as an adjective in Spanish.

Está cerrada porque la he cerrado. It is closed because I closed it.

I can answer specifically for despertar, which is in my grammar book- it is in the class with duel participles in which one serves as the adjective and one as the past participle- with the regular one being the participle and the irregular the adjective.

So : Está despierta porque la he despertado. She's awake because I woke her.

Here despierto is used in the adjective role and despertado in the true past participle role.

This is as opposed to ones like hecho, dicho, escrito, puesto, etc. which are simply irregular and serve both roles.

But: Está abierta porque la he abierto. It is open because I opened it.

Note when the participle is used as a adjective it is matched for gender and number, but when used with haber as a true past participle it is invariable.

Others listed in my book: Absorber, bendecir, confesar, confundir, elegir, maldecir, prender, presumir, proveer, soltar, suspendir.

This link is to longer list lists every one on your list except apagar as fitting in the same, my guess is that it is likewise.

Dual participles

Edit to add:

I should have included that when the participle is used in the true passive with ser, the particple is matched:

Fueron despertados por mí.

They were woken by me.

I love this answer. - Daniela2041, Nov 26, 2016

Thanks, Daniela. :) - bosquederoble, Nov 26, 2016

Thank you bosquederoble. - Batch, Nov 26, 2016

De nada. :) - bosquederoble, Nov 26, 2016

Answer 2

Well, the ones on the left are more common. The ones on the right are adjectives (I haven't checked all of them, but I recognize "nato", "despierto", and "tuerto"), so they don't fall in the "participle" category.

Thank you, it said when conjugating them they they were participles. - Batch, Nov 26, 2016

http://dle.rae.es/?id=QHeXPu2 You can check this website for definitions. They're all in Spanish, but it will tell you what they are referred to as. Technically, "nato" is a participle... from Italian. It hasn't been used in Spanish for centuries. - codyandrews1993, Nov 26, 2016