by

=

por

preposition

[baɪ]

preposición

1. por (expressing agent)

he was arrested by the police -> fue detenido por la policía
made by hand -> hecho(a) a mano
a play by Shakespeare -> una obra de Shakespeare

2. junto a (close to)

by the fire -> junto al fuego
by the side of the road -> al borde de la carretera

3. por (via)

to go by the same route -> ir por la misma ruta
by land/sea -> por tierra/mar

4. (with manner, means)

by rail -> en tren
by car/plane -> en coche/avión
to pay by credit card -> pagar con tarjeta de crédito
he had two children by his first wife -> tuvo dos hijos de su primera esposa
to take somebody by the hand/arm -> tomar or coger a alguien de la mano/del brazo (español de España)
to know somebody by sight -> conocer a alguien de vista
to earn one's living by teaching -> ganarse la vida enseñando
to go by appearances -> fiarse de las apariencias
to call somebody by their first name -> llamar a alguien por su nombre (de pila)
what do you mean by that? -> ¿qué quieres decir con eso?

5. (past)

he walked right by me without stopping -> pasó por mi lado sin detenerse
we drove by the school on the way here -> pasamos delante del colegio camino de aquí

6. (at or before)

he should be here by now -> debería estar ya aquí
by then it was too late -> para entonces ya era demasiado tarde
by tomorrow -> para mañana
by 1980 they were all dead -> en 1980 ya estaban todos muertos

7. (during)

by day -> de día
by night -> de noche, por la noche

8. (with measurements, quantities, numbers)

to divide by three -> dividir entre tres
to multiply by three -> multiplicar por tres
to sell something by weight -> vender algo al peso
three meters by two -> tres por dos metros, tres metros por dos
one by one -> uno(a) a uno(a)
to increase by 50 percent -> aumentar en un 50 por ciento

9. see myself, himself, yourself etc

10. (as a result of)

by chance/mistake -> por casualidad/error

adverbio

también:

by and by -> poco a poco; (gradually) dentro de poco (soon)
by and large -> en general, por lo general
by the way,… -> a propósito,…

11. (past)

to pass by -> pasar; (person) transcurrir, pasar (time)
to drive by -> pasar sin detenerse (en coche)

by [bai]

preposición

1. Por, preposición que significa el agente, el instrumento, la causa, el modo y el medio por el cual se ejecuta alguna cosa (via, through).

I came in by the back door -> entré por la puerta de atrás
By land/sea/air -> por tierra/mar/avión
She was brought up by her grandmother -> la crió su abuela, fue criada por su abuela
She was accompanied by her father -> iba acompañada de su padre
A play by Shakespeare -> una obra de Shakespeare
It was written by Pinter -> fue escrita por Pinter
Made by hand -> hecho a mano (indicating means, method)
To travel by car/train -> viajar en coche/tren
To pay by credit card -> pagar con tarjeta de crédito
By moonlight -> a la luz de la luna
I’ll begin by introducing myself -> empezaré por presentarme
By chance -> por casualidad (owing to, from)
She’s Spanish by birth -> es española de nacimiento
He had two children by his second wife -> tuvo dos hijos con o de su segunda mujer
By specializing, he has limited his options -> al especializarse, ha restringido sus posibilidades
By that clock it’s almost half past -> según ese reloj son casi y media (according to)
By the look of things -> por lo visto o al parecer
That’s fine by me -> por mí no hay problema
I swear by Almighty God ->
By God you’ll be sorry you said that! -> te juro que te vas a arrepentir de haber dicho eso
We’re paid by the hour -> nos pagan por hora(s)
They make them by the thousand -> hacen miles y miles de ellos
She broke the record by several seconds -> batió el récord en o por varios segundos (indicating extent of difference)
One by one -> uno por uno (indicating gradual progression)
They went in two by two -> entraron de dos en dos
Little by little -> poco a poco, de poco a poco
Multiply two by three -> multiplica dos por tres
Divide six by three -> divide seis por o entre tres
North by northeast -> nornor(d)este (in compass directions)
By oneself -> solo (alone, without assistance)
I need to be by myself -> necesito estar solo o a solas
They do their homework by themselves -> hacen los deberes solos

2. A, en algún paraje. (Matemáticas)

By the river’s side -> a la orilla del río

3. Con, partícula que denota la diferencia de dos cosas cotejadas entre sí.

4. A: de, con, en.

By the laws of Castile -> a ley de Castilla
By stealth -> a hurtadillas
By dint of -> a fuerza de
By all means -> absolutamente, cueste lo que cueste
By no means -> de ningún modo
By much -> con mucho
I always keep some money by me -> siempre llevo algo de dinero encima (to hand)
By this time -> en este tiempo
He told her to be home by eleven -> le dijo que volviera antes de las once (not later than)
They should be there by now -> ya deberían estar allí
Will it be ready by 5? -> ¿estará listo para las 5? By the time he arrived, Ann had left, cuando llegó, Ann se había ido

5. Cerca, junto; al lado de, junto a (at the side of, near to).

Come and sit by me -> ven a sentarte a mi lado o junto a mí
It’s right by the door -> está justo al lado de la puerta
By day/night -> de día/noche (during, at)
Rome by night -> Roma de noche

adjetivo

To sit by the fire -> sentarse cerca del fuego

6. A sola

adverbio & sustantivo

7. Por, partícula con que se expresa el juramento. (Marina) (n)

To swear by God -> jurar por Dios

8. A la mano. (n)

9. Por, partícula que se usa en los ruegos o súplica (n)

adverbio & sustantivo

10. De. (Marina) (n)

He is abhorred by everybody -> es aborrecido de todos
By this time twelve months -> de aquí a un año
By day, by night -> de día, de noche
By proxy -> por poder, por procuración

adverbio

11. Cerca.

My house is hard by -> mi casa está aquí cerca

12. Presente, delante.

By and by -> pronto, luego, de aquí a poco, ahora
By and by they came to the clearing -> al poco rato llegaron al claro
It’s going to rain by and by -> va a llover dentro de poco

13. Al lado de.

By reaso -> o by reason that, porque
By reason of -> a causa de, a fuerza de
By then -> para entonces, en ese tiempo, o antes de él
By the way -> (1) en el camino, junto al camino, o cerca de él; (2) de paso; entre paréntesis
By and large -> por lo general, en general
By oneself -> solo, aparte
Set it by itself -> póngalo Vd
By and large -> por todos conceptos, de todos modos
Let me by! -> ¡déjenme pasar
She rushed by without seeing me -> pasó corriendo y no me vió
They watched the parade march by -> vieron pasar el desfile
To stand by -> (1) sostener, defender, apoyar; (2) (Mar.) mantenerse cerca, estar o quedarse allí; estar listo, pronto o preparado
I put a little money by each week -> ahorro un poco de dinero cada semana (aside, in reserve)
Call/stop by on your way to work -> pasa por casa de camino al trabajo (to somebody’s residence)